Sea Level Rise Crisis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sea Level Rise Crisis - Research Paper Example Global warming has given rise to the climate changes which is one of the most addressed global problems. Millions of people are getting influenced with the variations in the climate conditions which have affected the lifestyle of many individuals all over the world. Thanks to the introduction of the new technologies and the greater energy efficiency methods which have given birth to problems such as green houses gases affects, one of the many reasons behind the climate changes. â€Å"Over the last hundred years, the earth’s average temperature has increased by three quarters of a degree centigrade (1.3 F) this seemingly minor change may strike some people as inconsequential. However if global warming adjusts just another 4 C (7F) or so to the atmospheric temperature, both Greenland and Antarctica can be on their way to meltdown† (Jerry 2008.) The extreme changes in the climate conditions couple with the green house gases emission will cause the glaciers to melt, which w ill as a result cause the sea water to heat and will expand thermally. One of the biggest threat imposed by global warming to the world is that of the rising sea levels, for which the consequences are going to be catastrophic. As discussed above, the expansion of the sea water causes the sea level to increase, because the water warms up due to the constantly changing climatic conditions. Rate of change in the sea level from the year 1870-2000 was 1.70 mm whereas in comparison to this figure the rate of change in the sea level from 1993 to 2012 is 3.12 mm. (NASA 2012) As per the recent reports, one of the massive ice shelves of Antarctica are also decreasing because of the warm water that resides below the ice shelves. Due to the shrinkage of the ice levels, the sea water level will start rising at a much faster rate than what the scientists have been predicting so far. The western chunk of Antarctica is losing 23 feet of its floating ice sheet each year. (Mail Online 2012) However a fter intense research, the scientists have been able to conclude that the rise in the sea level is directly associated with the thermal expansion, which is the water of the ocean getting warm causes it to expand. Secondly, the change in the sea level can also be associated with the land based ice which is melting at a rapid speed due to global warming and the emission of the green house gases. Since most of the stored water on land is found in the form of glaciers and ice sheets, this means that melt down of these forms will directly result in the sea level increment. Rising sea level is a justification or rather a proof that the world today faces a threat from the anthropogenic (human based) warming contributions, which in the late 20th century has caused the sea level to rise to new levels. The contribution to the rising levels is associated with Greenland, Antarctica, and the melt down of other important ice sheets and glaciers. The effects of the constant changes in the climate conditions and then the rising sea levels can have devastating effects on the human kind. As per the increases which have been mentioned above, it is also been shared that with respect to these changes, there will be a vast number of influences on the coastal systems. Coast erosion, changes in the quality of the water, high storm flooding are few of the many effects that this rise will bring along with itself. There will also be changes in the surface water quality which will result in the monetary losses as well as non monetary

Inventory Management Essay Example for Free

Inventory Management Essay Inventory is the quantity or total amount of goods and materials in a store or factory for some immediate or some future use. The reasons for holding more than adequate stocks of inventory would be 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   to keep business operations running and to meet current orders 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   to meet unforeseen demand and to effectively meet customer orders 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   to take care of the lead time , ie , the time gap between ordering the stores and   receiving them and place orders accordingly 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   to use as a hedge against price increases and inflation and control losses 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   to even out erratic demand requirements. Inventory control or inventory management is an attempt to maintain an adequate supply of goods while minimizing inventory costs resulting from obtaining and holding inventory with the purpose of providing information to â€Å"efficiently manage the flow of materials, effectively utilize people and equipment, coordinate internal activities and communicate with the customers.†Ã‚   .   Some of the terminologies related to inventory management are EOQ-Economic Order Quantity   or how much to order SAFETY STOCKS- how much inventory to hold on hand REORDER LEVEL – the minimum levels of stocks at which new order for stocks is to be placed. Visual control –enables the manager to examine the inventory visually and determine if more inventory is required. Tickler control -enables the manager to physically count a small portion of the inventory each day so as to cover the entire range of inventory regularly over several days. Click sheet control is a method whereby the manager records the item as it is used on a sheet of paper. This information is used while determining the reorder levels.   Stub control (used by retailers) enables the manager to retain a portion of the price ticket when the item is sold. The manager can then use the stub to record the item. Point-of-sale terminals relay information on each item used or sold. The manager receives information printouts at regular intervals for review and action. Off-line point-of-sale terminals relay information directly to the suppliers computer who uses the information to ship additional items automatically to the buyer/inventory manager. The final method for inventory control is done by an outside agency. A manufacturers representative visits the large retailer on a scheduled basis, takes the stock count and writes the reorder. Unwanted merchandise is removed from stock and returned to the manufacturer through a predetermined, authorized procedure.

Opportunities And Challenges For Wal Mart In India Marketing Essay

Opportunities And Challenges For Wal Mart In India Marketing Essay India is seen as an emerging market for retail by global retailers. A.T. Kearneys Global Retail Development Index (GRDI) of 2009 ranks India as the most emerging destination for retail ahead of Russia and China. However, to protect its own retail industry, the Government of India has permitted only 51 % FDI for single brand retail. This has deterred many multi-brand retailers to enter the retail business in India. However, these retailers can enter the wholesale business where 100 % FDI is permitted. In November, 2006, Wal-Mart entered into a 50:50 joint venture with Bharti Enterprises to enter the wholesale sector as well as back end partner. Several apprehensions are being raised about the success of Wal-Mart in India which has largely been dominated by traditional retailers. The case analyses the opportunities and challenges that Wal-Mart will face in India and concludes with discussion on the future of Wal-Mart with respect to the advantages and disadvantages that the global reta iler will have in India. Introduction Since liberalization in 1991, the Indian market has a limited presence of global retailers such as McDonalds, Landmark, Dominos, Pizza Hut and few others. In January 2006, the Union Cabinet approved the policy on foreign direct investment (FDI) in retail to further simplify procedures for investing in India and to avoid multiple layers of approvals required in some activities. To facilitate easier inflow, FDI up to 100 % was allowed under the automatic route for cash and carry wholesale and export trading. However to protect the interests of Indian retailers, the FDI up to 51 % was permitted in single brand retail only. In 2006, Wal-Mart of US entered into a 50:50 joint venture with Indian retail major, Bharti Retail to foray into the wholesale business in India. The first Wal-Mart Bharti store opened in Amritsar in late 2009. In the same year, A.T. Kearneys Global Retail Development Index (GRDI), ranked India as the most emerging destination for retail ahead of Russia and China. Gl obal retailers like French based Carrefour and US based Starbucks were exploring opportunities in the Indian retail market while; Swedish retailer IKEA shelved its plans. A report by Northbridge Capital, UK based investment bank, revealed Retail market size in 2009 is estimated to be of $450 billion, growing at the rate of 30 per cent per annum. It is expected to grow to $720 billion by the end of 2011  [1]  .An analysis by AT Kearney revealed that organized retail in India accounted for only 6 % of the total retail market . Market analysts believe that India had traditionally been dominated by unorganized retail. They wonder whether global retailers can sustain in India considering the restrictions on FDI in retail and a strong competitive unorganized market. About Wal-Mart of US The retail chain Wal-Mart was established by Sam Walton in 1962 in the US. Over the years, the retail chain grew leaps and bounds to be the most successful retailer in the US. The retail chain operates in various formats such as discount stores, supercentres and warehouse clubs. Wal-Mart stores are huge stores with size varying from 42,000 sq. feet to more than 200,000 sq. feet. The business model of Wal-Mart is based on selling a wide variety of merchandize at always low prices often referred to as everyday low prices. Wal-Mart successfully expanded its operations to 14 countries which included Mexico, UK, China, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, India and Puerto Rico. By 2010, the chain operated 2,980 stores outside the US. Wal-Mart also ranks the topmost global retailer in the world with revenues of more than $ 400 billion from worldwide operations in 2009. About Bharti Enterprises of India Bharti Enterprises is an Indian business conglomerate established by Sunil Bharti Mittal. The group was founded in early 1990s. The group is involved in variety of businesses such as telecom, insurance, fresh foods, retail and realty. Outside India, the company has a presence in Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Jersey, Guernsey and Seychelles. The group is in the process of establishing itself in countries like Burkina Faso, Chad, Congo Brazzaville, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania,Uganda, and Zambia in the African sub-continent. The brand names Airtel and Beetel are household names in India. Its revenues for the year 2009 were estimated at $ 10 billion. Bharti Wal-Mart Tie Up After entering into discussions with Tesco of UK and Carrefour of France which did not materialize, Bharti Enterprises of India finally struck a deal with Wal-Mart of US in November 2006. According to the deal, Bharti would handle front end retail stores while Wal-Mart would act as a wholesale and back-end partner. However, Bharti would use the name Wal-Mart for its stores. The joint partnership planned to make investments in the retail sector to the tune of $100 millon which could go upto $1.46 billion. Wal-Mart was already procuring goods from various Indian companies to the tune of $1.5 billion. Industry observers say that the Wal-Mart would benefit from Bhartis experience in India while Bharti would benefit from Wal-Marts experience in overseas markets. However, after tremendous opposition from local people and political parties, the first store opened in Amritsar in late 2009. Consumer Shopping Behavior in India Consumers in the west are accustomed to shopping at organized formats while in India such formats are still evolving. Various researchers analyzing consumer shopping behavior in India made the following observations with respect to selection of stores by consumers: Traveling time : If the desired products are available in the neighborhood store, consumers would not visit the far away supermarket or hypermarket. Range of products offered : If the consumer shopping list is such that the required goods are not available in the neighborhood store, they would visit the supermarket or hypermarket. Services offered : The neighborhood stores offer personalized services such as credit facilities, free home delivery service, sms service and extended working hours. The organized retail formats offer good ambience, promotional offers and a good shopping experience. Socio Economic background : The socio-economic background of consumers determine their lifestyles and the kind of stores they would be comfortable to shop. Initially, the lower income group was hesitant to shop at organized retail formats as they felt that such stores were for the elite. However, over a period of time, the retailers adopted steps to change the perception of such consumers. Opportunities According to a report by McKinsey Company, the rise in disposable income of Indian consumers would be a major factor in contributing to the growth of retail consumption. The factors contributing to the growth of organized retailing in India include growth in working population, double income households, one stop destination for all needs, changing consumer lifestyles and easy availability of credit. Data by Investment Commission of India, 2007 revealed that significant retail opportunities existed in product categories like food and beverage, consumer durables and home improvement. It further forecasted that home improvement and consumer durables would grow at a compounded annual growth rate of 20 % in 10 years time. It further mentioned that India had a significant potential to emerge as a sourcing base for a wide variety of goods for international retailers. Leading international retailers including Tesco, GAP and JC Penney are already sourcing from India. A report prepared by Ernst and Young for India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF) reveals that there are significant opportunities for organized retailers in various cities of India. This is because these cities have households with tremendous spending power and lower penetration of organized retail compared to metro cities such as Delhi, Mumbai and Bangalore. The online retail business progressed in India with growth of internet connections and e-payment service users. Retailers such as ebay.in, indiatimes.com and rediff.com were early entrants. Many small retailers also had their portals for online sale of merchandize. 70 % of Indias population is in the rural areas which offer tremendous opportunity for retailers. Key players in the rural retail market includ Indian Tobacco Companys Choupal Sagaar, DCM Shriram group owned Hariyali Kisan Bazaar and Indian Oil Corporations Kisan Seva Kendra among others. The main product categories marketed in rural areas include seeds, urea, FMCG goods and farm produce. Airport retailing is another emerging area for retailers. Raheja Groups Shoppers Stop partnered with Nuance Group, a leading Swiss global retailer to set up retail outlets at Bangalore and Hyderabad airports. Airport retailing offers opportunities in luggage, clothing and related accessories, food and beverage and souvenirs. The growing tourism industry has created significant demand for retailers dealing in artifacts. Challenges Logistics infrastructure in India has always been a cause of concern for global retailers. Lukas Ruecker, who oversaw emerging market business as vice president at Staples commented that the overall logistics is so much more difficult from a port in Chennai or a port in Shanghai to stores. Sumant Sinha, CEO, Aditya Birla Retail, is of the view that the logistics and supply chain infrastructure has to be built from scratch; its really about creating a new industry. Indias retail industry seems promising but is tempered by the fact that the country is grappling with severe infrastructure and policy issues, says the CII in the report it produced with A. T. Kearney. Cold chains (distribution chains for perishable items), warehousing and logistics infrastructure will create problems for global retailers if the Indian government does not focus on infrastructure. The report also points at inadequate quality control and the lack of a skilled workforce in India. Global retailers would have to customize their formats to suit Indian conditions. The Government of India fears that entry of global retail giants could put many retailers in the unorganized sector out of business. However, discussions at various retail forums have often proved that there is enough space for organized and unorganized retail in the country. Inspite of repeated discussion on the issue at various government levels to further liberalize the retail sector, no headway had been made. Indian retailers in organized and unorganized sector had geared themselves to face global competition. The organized retailers have focused on mall space acquisition, store expansion and diversification into various formats in addition to above and below the line promotional activities. The unorganized sector has focused on value added services. A report by PriceWaterhouseCoopers and Confederation of Indian Industry mentioned that small retailers in India had inherent advantages. They were located next to the consumer, making it convenient for top-up purchases. They knew the consumers well, some even by name. The report further mentioned that fixed costs for small retailers was very low thereby reducing their breakeven point to as low as 46 % of sales. They were also focusing on re-organizing their stores and stocking new products. The road ahead for Wal-Mart Industry observers wonder whether the failure of Wal-Mart in three major countries can be taken as a backdrop to predict its future in India. Consumer Behaviour experts are of the view that global retailers would have to understand shopping behavior in India and provide answers to why should Indians consistently shop at foreign retail outlets? Asitava Sen, retail industry specialist, PricewaterhouseCoopers., sharing his views in an article mentioned, Infrastructure is a significant challenge, especially while managing fresh produce, where producers are fragmented and there is multiple level of intermediation causing waste of up to 30% to 40% in the supply chain. Real estate is scarce and expensive in comparison to the quality being offered. An inadequate supply of skilled and trained people is another significant challenge.  [2]  

Legally Blonde 2 and De Tocqueville Essay -- Character Analysis, Elle

What do you do when no one wants to change something that you see as a problem? In Legally Blonde 2: Red, White, and Blonde, Elle Woods decides to change the problem of animal testing when no one else will. Elle takes the initiative after looking for the mother of her chihuahua, Bruiser, so she could invite her to Elle’s wedding. She finds out that Bruiser's mom is trapped at the V.E.R.S.A.C.E. company as a test animal. Instead of planning her wedding, which is what she was currently involved in, Elle goes to Washington D.C. and presents a bill to end animal testing as she stands up for what she knows is right. This movie which presents an important issue in a light-hearted movie is a great example of a melodramatic film. Legally Blonde 2 follows the structure of victim, villain, and hero of melodramas. In this case Bruiser’s mom, along with all other test animals, the V.E.R.S.A.C.E company, along with the adversity that Elle receives in congress, especially Rep. Victo ria Rudd who goes behind Elle’s back to counter her bill, and of course Elle woods is the hero. This movie shows how one person can make a difference in democracy. The idea that â€Å"society governs itself for itself† (De Tocqueville, 51) is called popular sovereignty and was created by Alexis De Tocqueville. In his book, Democracy in America, De Tocqueville describes how America had the perfect democracy in the mid 19th century, when he wrote this book. He explains how true democracy uses popular sovereignty to create an ideal political system free of tyranny. Over time this government system has changed in practice, as can be seen by the lackluster workers in congress that are spotlighted in Legally Blonde 2. However in cinema justice still prevails in US democracy. L... ...ially young females. One teenage-girl’s reaction was just that. Carrie Dean, of Wisconsin walked out of the movie theatre and gave Legally Blonde 2 her own personal spin for a way for her to get involved herself. Carrie wanted to emulate Elle in her hometown by saving the animals in her town from euthanization at SPCA shelters. Along with Small Dogs Paradise, an interest group who also was looking to stop harmful treatment of dogs. Carrie ended up getting an internship in their office and is in the process of writing her own bill. Who knows how far Carrie will get but if a ‘chick-flick’ can have this kind of impact on the youth, then there needs to be more of them. If more people, especially young people, follow Carrie’s example and get involved in what is going on with our government, then maybe we could one day reach a version of De Tocqueville’s ideal democracy.

Enders Game Essay

Ender’s Game, by Orson Scott Card, is the story of Andrew â€Å"Ender† Wiggin, a third born child in a prejudiced, futuristic world, as he is recruited to train at battle school to fight the â€Å"buggers†, an alien species that previously tried to wipe out the human race. Little does he know that Colonel Graff, the commander of battle school, is the puppet master of a scheme to brutally train Ender to lead the human armies to wipe out the buggers; which he unknowingly does. To avoid political repercussions and the greedy hands of his older brother, Peter, Ender and his sister, Valentine, move to lead and populate the new colonies; this is where Ender finds the last bugger queen pupa and works to make it his personal quest to find a place for the species to repopulate and live in peace. The theme of Orson Scott Card’s Ender’s Game is that sometimes you have to sacrifice the few for the sake of many. CHARACTERS AND POINT OF VIEW: Ender’s Game by Orson Scott Card is the backdrop to many in-depth characters that are essential to the plot. The story is written in the third person omniscient point of view but the reader really only hears the thoughts of Andrew â€Å"Ender† Wiggin, the child protagonist of the story. Ender is a round and dynamic character because throughout the story, you watch him grow up fighting prejudices and overcoming challenges that have been placed in his way by the secondary antagonist, Colonel Graff. The reader empathizes with Ender and feels his pain as he is given so many challenges that he almost breaks. The secondary antagonist is Colonel Graff, a flat but dynamic character who acts as a puppet master, controlling, isolating, testing, challenging, and ultimately molding Ender into a commander that can save the human race from the main antagonist, the Buggers. Graff is a dynamic character because at first he seems to only care about getting another kid through to see if they are the leader they need but later decides that he actually likes and cares for Ender. The reader feels a bittersweet empathy for Graff because of his disgustingly cruel acts upon Ender that will eventually lead to the saving of the human race. The main antagonist are a group of aliens that humans call â€Å"buggers† which is a flat, but dynamic race of alien which previously tried to wipe out the human race and have kept the humans in fear for over 70 years. This group is dynamic because when we are first introduced them, they are trying to kill the humans but later try to befriend Ender when they realize that he understands them and they leave their only chance for survival in his hands. Another key character is Ender’s brother Peter. Peter is the cruel older brother of Ender but is also the fuel to why Ender is tough on himself. Peter is a round, static character. He is a round character because we know all about him and his actions that make him who he is. The reader dislikes Peter because he is somewhat of an enemy to the main character and does not care for others. The final character is Ender’s loving sister, Valentine. Valentine is the older sibling of Ender and is his encouragement throughout the story. She is a round yet static character. While we know her very well and her true intentions, she never changes her stance on things or who she is. The reader likes Valentine because she is trying to encourage Ender and love him. LITERARY DEVICES: Ender’s Game by Orson Scott Card uses several literary elements throughout the book to help us understand what is happening. Symbolism, when on object or character is used to represent something else, is used throughout the book. One example is when Ender is back on Earth and is talking with Valentine about how much Ender despises himself. Ender says, â€Å"In the moment when I truly understand my enemy, understand him well enough to defeat him, then in that very moment do I also love him. I think it’s impossible to really understand somebody, what they want, what they believe, and not love them the way they love themselves. And then, in that very moment when I love them-â€Å". (238) This is a symbol because in this novel there is a frequent amount of love-hate relationships. Another literary device is foreshadowing. Foreshadowing is when something is said or done that hints at what is to come. Each chapter usually begins with a conversation between Colonel Graff and Anderson. The discussions that take place usually hint at things to come in the story. In the beginning of chapter three, Graff is having a conversation with Anderson and says, â€Å"Persuade him that he wants to come with us more than he wants to stay with her† (16). This is an example of foreshadowing because it hints to us that Graff will eventually convince Ender to come with him. The final literary device is irony. Irony is when what is said or done is opposite of what is expected. Ender’s Game shows dramatic irony when it tells us the conversation between Graff and Anderson in Chapter eight. Graff says, â€Å"†¦. Think of every impossible, unfair star arrangement you can. Think of other ways to bend the rules. Late notification. Unequal forces. Then run the simulations and see which ones are hardest, which easiest. We want to bring him along†. (97) This is dramatic irony because we know that these bad things will happen to Ender but Ender himself will not know. HOW READERS MAY RESPOND TO THIS WORK: The novel Ender’s Game is a complex, intricate story designed for teenage and adult readers who like sci-fi stories. This group of people would like this book because they could understand and empathized with the characters. The ending leaves the reader filled with confusing emotions. It leaves you feeling happy for Ender finally finding peace with himself but you still feel sad because you realize that while that is making him happy, he will never find true happiness with himself.

Othello Essay Topic Iago Isn’t Completely to Blame for This Tragedy as Cassio Was Wrongly Appointed by Othello and This Caused the Tragedy

Iago isn’t completely to blame for this tragedy as Cassio was wrongly appointed by Othello and this caused the tragedy. Do you agree? In William Shakespeare’s seventeenth century play Othello readers can see that Iago isn’t the only one responsible for the tragedies within this text as he didn’t actually kill the Othello or Desdemona and all people have free will and must choose to accept manipulation. Although Iago played a major role in bringing about the disaster evident in this script, other characters played a supporting although vital role. The Elizabethan play is set during a time of war and racial conflict. This social climate breeds insecurity in the minds of its people. Of course Iago plays a major role in the tragedy that is this play. He admits he ‘hate[s] the moor’ and whispers ‘pestilence’ in Othello’s ear. The metaphor is important as Iago admits he knows what he is doing is wrong and realises the power his toxic words will have and still goes ahead. He claims both that he is ‘honest iago’ and that he freely gives Othello his ‘wit, hands and heart’ to serve his Lieutenant though Iago’s actions differ from his words. He tells us he is ‘not what [he appears to be]’ and that â€Å"there are many events in the womb of time† which is a metaphor for the fate he attempts to write for himself-â€Å"hell and night must bring this monstrous birth to the worlds light. † He plays on the racism of the time saying â€Å"if [Desdemona had] seem blessed, she never would have loved the moor† and uses this to build insecurity within Othello- suggesting Moor Othello could never satisfy the ‘appetites’ of a fair skinned woman, him being ‘black Othello’ and their union thus ‘unnatural’ and assumed ‘witchcraft’ by many. He shows his preference for personal gain over honour when Cassio is worried about damaging his reputation after the ‘barbarous brawl’ and Iago rebuts that physical wounds are worse than a damaged reputation which can be easily mended. While he claims to ‘speak to [Othello] with honest kindness, he lies and plans so that â€Å"how much [Desdemona] strives to do him [Cassio] good' by defending his name, the more suspicious will Othello be. This shows that Igao hopes his ‘purpose [shall] work on’ Othello and although he claims he ‘should rather have [his] tongue cut from [his] mouth should [do] do offence to Michael Cassio this is clearly untrue showing his dishonest nature. Thus we see while Iago gives ‘heavenly shows’ he says in an aside, he embodies the juxtaposing idea of ‘hell’ and by turning Othello against Cassio and Othello’s own wife and ruining the one he claims to serve. He admits his desire from the start to make a ‘net’ to catch them all. He makes the most of his ‘sir.. eaten up with passion’ and does not ‘lead directly to the door of truth’ showing his overt responsibility is the death and destruction that his plans propel. There is a time when we can hope that Othello may not believe Iago’s lies anymore- when he demands Iago ‘prove [Othello’s] love a whore’ but then Iago pretends to be hurt claims ‘honesty’s a fool.. since love brings such offence’ suggesting Othello lack of belief in his ensign emotionally wounds Iago. Othello foolishly falls for this. Othello foolishly believes the words of Iago when he claims he ‘lay with Cassio lately.. in sleep [where he claims people confess the truth, he] heard him [Cassio]say sweet Desdemona, let us be wary, let us hide our love and kiss, touch, cry.. curst fate that gave thee to the moor’ and of the sacred handkerchief Othello gave wife Desdemona, ‘such a handkerchief did [Iago claim to] today see Cassio wipe his beard with. ’ He says he doesn’t ‘mock’ Othello but he clearly does and Othello lets him believing Iago ‘will do [Othello’s] command’ when he does his own. Iago is though, assisted by his deceptive wife Emilia. Emilia takes the handkerchief from Desdemona which sets up the supposed ‘proof’ of the accusations Iago makes against Desdemona. She says she ‘found that handkerchief and did give it [to her] husband’ and when Iago tells her he told Othello ‘what [he honestly] thought’ about Desdemona she cannot stand his lies anymore and says his ‘reports have set the murder and [he] has killed the sweet and innocent’ and gives her life to save the name of the woman she loved but also the one she helped to kill. Her guilt propels her to confess her and thus her role cannot be ignored despite the bravery she shows defying Iago’s demand that she ‘get .. home and ‘charm [her] tongue’. Her confession ‘moor, she was chaste’ and that she loved the ‘cruel moor’ is all too late. Emilia said to Desdemona before her lady’s death ‘yes, the world’s a huge thing’ and people in it are bad and women do deceive. She showed her awareness and such an in tune woman should have suspected her husband’s ‘purpose’ with the handkerchief and known it would not be noble and never have given the sacred ‘token’ to him. Roderigo and Cassio clearly also play a vital role in this text. Roderigo supplies the money to fund Iago’s plans and does ‘put money in thy purse’ and help ‘plume up [Iago’s] will’ by doing so. Instead of stopping Iago, Roderigo accepts Iago encouraging Roderigo’s lustful mind. Roderigo could have talked reason into Iago but instead allowed iago to talk lack of reason and deception into his mind. Roderigo payed for his too great a trust in Iago with his life. Iago pushes Roderigo to ‘be a man† in his efforts to convince Rodrigo to go to war and says Roderigo ‘shall enjoy her' if he doesn’t â€Å"drown† in his melancholy state. Even though it is quite clear to everyone else that Desdeomna does ‘love the moor’ and thus all she wants is to marry and ‘live with him’ Roderigo lets his lust push him to obey Iago and ‘take thy stand,’ doing anything possible (even attempting to commit the murder of Cassio) to assist Iago when he should have seen the futility in his pursuance of Desdemona. Roderigo ends up paying for his folly with his life when Iago feels he must be seen to revenge the attack against cassio (who survived) when Cassio lays blame of Roderigo. Roderigo admits ‘It is [his] shame to be so fond [of des] but not my virtue to amend it’ but is pushed into pursuing Desdemona even after his ‘money is spent’ and he admits to having ‘little wit’ left. When Iago attacks him saying ‘what poor are they that have no patience’ he is determined to continue his pursuing when he should give up (and outed iago to Othello instead! to help avoid the tragic end. Cassio, another more subsidiary character played a small but important role in this play. He was promoted when only ‘a bookish theoric’ and ‘arithmetic’ rather than battle smart, having ‘never led a squadron in the field. ’ He was, it is suggested, not deserving of the promotion and thus Iago’s jealousy and anger is made somewhat understandable. We all heard Iago’s words to Cassio: he said to him ‘I think you think that I love you’ and never actually said he does love and or respect him. Cassio doesn’t pick up on this subtlety. Cassio also speaks quiet disrespectfully about prostitute Bianca who has supposedly fallen for him- he laughs and says he will never wed her though she ‘weeps’ on him and hangs off him and to Iago’s assertion that Bianca ‘says [he] shall marry her’ Cassio laughs and says she hangs [off him and] she weeps upon’ him this disrespect although common at this time, is penalised when Othello is set up to overhear the story of this woman’s lust and thinks Cassio talks instead of Desdemona. Although Iago set up this scenario, it wouldn’t have been possible with Cassio showing his significant part. He does though at the end claim Othello was ‘great of heart. ’ Clearly Cassio had to be more perceptive to avoid his part in his Lieutenant’s death. Furthermore Othello and his wife Desdemona have a large role in their destruction. Othello listens to iago’s lies and doesn’t realise who the true ‘green eyed monster’ is. He listens to Iago’s ‘trifles’ he trusts Iago over his beloved. He accepts Desdemona is a ‘whore’ and ‘strumpet’ with no real proof. He previously said she was his ‘good wench’ but turns on her quickly. He also turns quickly on close friend Cassio. He calls Iago ‘friend’ and though at the start he claims ‘tis most true’ he married Desdemona, he doesn’t act like a doting husband. At the start he says he won Desdemona through his ‘whole curse of love’ and ‘not drugs, charms.. magic’ and values her opinion encouraging the court to ‘send for the lady, let her speak ’ as his is confident her word will support his claims it was his tales of ‘boyish days’ that seduced her when he spoke of being ‘taken and sold into slavery’ and came by ‘cannibals’.. she ‘devoured of [his] discourse’ and â€Å"she loved [him] for the dangers [he had] passed. Yet he kills her. It is not Iago’s hand that ‘smother’ his wife, but Othello himself; he had a choice. Additionally, Othello doesn't like fighting and labels it a ‘Christian shame’ ‘barbarous brawl’ and says a man who ‘canâ €™t calm his rage’ is worth little yet his later actions contradict this. Also he says he loves Cassio but doesn’t show this either. Even after saying he ‘found not Cassio’s kisses [Desdemona’s] lips he believes Iago and claims ‘farewell content’, so easily giving up all known happiness for the words of one man. He says ‘make me to see it†¦prove it’ with ‘no loop to hang a doubt on’ and ‘give me a living reason she is not honest’ but there is none but he refuses to see it, to him the ‘handkerchief’ is proof enough. He says of Cassio ‘how shall I murder him now’ and of Desdemona ‘damn her.. lured minx.. she shall not live†¦ my heart is turned to stone’ he says ‘all [his] found love thus [he does] blow to heaven†¦tis gone’ showing he gave up on this love, he blew it to heaven only realised his crimes at the end when he went on to kill himself as self punishment. His role is unable to be denied. Desdemona was ignorant about what people, even those one loves, are capable of and also didn’t explain herself well enough when her husband convicted her. She also knew her death was waiting when he sent her to her room and she sang he willow song about a woman who was killed by her lover. This foreshadowed her death and almost showed a forfeit by this character. She gave Othello ‘a world of sighs’ he says and as she does ‘love the moor’ and love his â€Å"mind† she will obey all he says. And this love blinds her. Such blind love makes her have no fear and thus she is too open about praising Cassio. At this time were many suspected women of affairs. She claims Cassio is ‘an honest face' but she â€Å"truly loves† Othello and that her ‘heart is subdued even to the upmost pleasure of [her] lord’ so that she defies the status of woman as quite, claims her voice and speaks in court and demands to be allowed to go to war with him; ‘let me go with him. ’ But she lies to her ‘good lord’ about the handkerchief claiming ‘it is not lost’ when to her knowledge it is. She says she is Othello’s ‘true loyal wife’ but she is not truthful with him. Though she is maybe too loyal going to bed even after he charges her as being a ‘strumpet’ and committing adultery. Before she dies she claims ‘heaven doth truly know it’, regarding her innocence but some may say she doesn’t do enough to save herself. She says ‘his unkindness may defeat [her] life but never take [her] love’ and earlier said to Emilia she asks ‘there be women who abuse their husbands’ which shows her innocence and great trust of all people and not believing in bad and deception hence a perfect victim and not equipped to defend herself against Othello’s claims. This highlights the role husband and wife both played- her too innocent and him not being her protector, in their deaths. The fact he killed her and he killed himself, regardless of obvious Iago influence shows will power and their responsibility. The denouement reveals that many characters bear some responsibility for the end of the play. The final words of Lodovico shows that Iago bears much blame, after all this is ‘[his] work’, referring to the now dead lieutenant and his ‘true and loyal’ wife. Desdemona’s last words to Emilia, asking her to ‘commend [Desdemona] to [her] lord’ Othello and Othello’s about the importance of her ‘kiss’ and that even as he killed her he stated he ‘shall kill thee now and love thee after’ showed that they loved each other until the end. However they gave into the deception manipulation of others and must accept this as a fault. Othello’s suicide is an admission of his guilt and Desdemona going to her room after Othello warned he would kill her shows an all too easy acceptance of her fate.