Le Corbusier Architecture Essay

Le Corbusier Architecture Essay Le Corbusier (1887-1965) is a Swiss-French draftsman; he is considered by numerous a pioneer of present day design. Le Corbusiers desire is apparent as he was a person of numerous abilities including painting, composing, and structure. Le Corbusiers mentality towards the home, the objects of the home and the manner by which this was communicated in his craft and design will be examined. By surveying the Five focuses in Architecture utilized by Le Corbusier as a basic reason for quite a bit of his design up to 1953, a conversation can be made of his following homes Maison Citrohan, Maison La Roche, Ville Contemporaine, Lesprit nouveau Pavilion, Maison Cook , The Villa Stein and Villa Savoye. Le Corbusier work of art shows a relationship with his structural plan these affiliation and the impact of his fine art upon his plans will be talked about, in relationship with the improvement of purism. Moreover the reaction looked by his design of the 1920 and 1930s will be surveyed. In 1915 Le Corbusier and companion, designer and business person, Max Dubois developed two thoughts that enlivened his style of work all through the 1920s; One being the Maison Domino which speaks to the Five focuses in Architecture. The five focuses included Pilotis (segments), rooftop garden, free arrangement, free faã §ade and strip windows. These components were seen by Le Corbusier as Objects-types which he clarifies in detail in his book, Vers une design and diary, LEsprit nouveau. In 1918 with the assistance of the craftsman Amedee Ozenfant, Le Corbusier received the canvas with the utilization of oils. Together they built up the Purism development, Ground in Neo-Platonic way of thinking, Purism stretched out its talk to cover all types of plastic articulation from salon artistic creations to item structure and design. The purism development got from cubism in which likewise the principle topic was the basic objects of the cafã © table, the studio and the machine shop: guitars, jugs, and funnels which were introduced in their generally characteristic and clear structures that were expressive of present day machine age, in contrast to the theoretical and embellishing approach of cubism. It was against what le Corbusier and Ozenfant viewed as the ridiculous bends of cubism in artistic creations as it was supportive of the transformative flawlessness of, state, thonet bentwood furniture or standard cafã © flatware. They teamed up on the book, Apres le cubisme, Close by artist Paul Dermee in 1920, he established the magazine lesprit Nouveau with its fundamental topic being the doubtful connection among craftsmanship and mechanical society which was at that point created in Apres le cubisme. Numerous engineering thoughts which were referenced in LEsprit nouveau created from the arranging of a belief system of present day works of art. Still life (1920) is an idealist painting by le Corbusier which utilizes level pictures with the covering of planes comparably to cubism, anyway its diverse in the manner in which the articles are made to look strong and not as unique like in cubism. The continued bending framework of the guitar and container he accomplished is likewise a well known cubist idea. The determination of normal, regular items which are spoken to in the artistic creations are considered objet-types. the item would turn into an objet-type, its dispassionate structures coming about because of a procedure similar to common determination, getting hackneyed, helpless to unending duplication, the stuff of regular daily existence. The shading plan contains just the unbiased hues, dark, dim, white and various shades of green. Citrohan House, 1925-7 in Weissenhofsiedlung, Stuttgart The Citrohan house is an unadulterated crystal, the utilization of cement permits enormous continuous inside space; it comprises of a white box bolstered by segments with a level rooftop and the utilization of reliable rectangular windows which stretch out to the corner sections and take after a mechanical kind. It was in connection with this structure in which Le Corbusier distributed his Five focuses for a New Architecture. The Citrohans area and principle course of action was enlivened by a cafã © In Paris where le Corbusier dined ordinary. Rearrangements of the light source; single cove at each end; two sidelong bearing dividers; a level rooftop more than; an authentic box which could be utilized as a house. Le Corbusier accepted that the house ought to be as normalized as a vehicle; thus the name Citrohan originated from the name of the well known car organization, Citroen. Mass creation was significant and the reality the Citrohan imagined a method of an actual existence clear from all the superfluous mess of the standard average dwelling at that point. Utilizing the Maison Citrohan as his model, he was resolved on utilizing large scale manufacturing forms so as to unravel the lodging emergency of the post-war years, like the manner by which Ford vehicles where prepared. In 1924 industrialist, Henri Fruges, consented to do Le Corbusiers thought of mass created lodging for his laborers in Pessac utilizing the Citrohan as its bases. This included 130 strengthened casing houses alongside one regular sort known as the high rise unit which was a mix of the Maison Citrohan and the consecutive units he had intended for the city of Audincourt. The Citrohan house at the Stuttgart Weissenhofsiedlung was the toward the end in the arrangement of Citrohan-type houses in which he built up the genuine variant. In Vers une engineering Le Corbusier depicted this house as a machine for living in, by which he implied a house whose capacities had been inspected from ground floor up and stripped to the fundamentals. Both the house and vehicle are viewed as articles types because of the reality the two of them have huge capacities, similar to the apparatus of a vehicle which is encased inside the outside layer he accepted the capacity of the house ought to likewise be undetectable, shrouded in a perfect layer. Maison La Roche/Jeanneret, 1923, in Paris The Maison La Roche/Jeanneret which was planned in 1923 for Raoul La Roche, an authority of canvases, and Le corbusierss sibling Albert and spouse Lotti Raaf. The house shows numerous impacts of the perfectionist development, from the installations of the house to its structure. The utilization of covering surfaces and the straightforward territories of coating are like the attributes of idealist works of art which incorporate the covering of planes. The installations utilized inside the home likewise identify with the topic of Purism which incorporate, radiators, exposed lights, straightforward Thonet seats, entryway hooks, metal windows-are clearly of modern extraction. These are objects-types also to the articles spoke to in the perfectionist compositions like the containers and machine parts, these are objects that tend towards a sort which is dictated by the development of structures between the perfect of most extreme utility, and the necessities of financial matters fabricate. Le Corbusier accepted the entire present day city ought to be raised up a level so as to keep the ground clear, giving a superior flow of vehicles. This thought was anticipated in the studio wing, for which a solitary barrel shaped pilotis remains at the inside underneath, along the pivot of the long access street. The studio wing was a show of urbanistic teaching. Ville Contemporaine, 1922 Contemporary City which was a city of high rises in a recreation center for 3,000,000 occupants, was enlivened by the Utopian vision where methods of current development, vehicles and planes were united in a n requested chart, with nature and the machine accommodated and blended. Lesprit nouveau Pavilion, 1925, in Paris The Pavillon de lEsprit Nouveau worked in 1925 was a structure looking like a loft from the perfect city which included outfitting of the cutting edge machine age questions nearby perfectionist show-stoppers. Maison Cook, 1926-7, in The explanation of Le Corbusier formal hypothesis is likewise mostly connected to his day by day experience of painting. This can be obvious in Maison Cook of 1926-7 in which the exact control of volume, surface and profile might be detected. Maison cook comprise of a square arrangement and faã §ade, consequently its practically cubic structure. The single round and hollow piloti on the focal pivot and the utilization of nonstop strip windows from one side to different helps accentuation the balance of its general shape. Le Corbusiers utilizes a solid casing so as to accomplish spaces of differs characteristics including lighting, size and perspectives. The bended segments sensationalize the free arrangement, get the light, and stand like items in the clear space; unavoidably they bring to mind the jugs and guitars of Purist pictures. The five focuses are obviously underlined in the Maison cook, with the piloti as an essential issue set back from the faã §ade level performing the partition of structure from outside cladding. The utilization of the piloti gives an entry beneath the house for both person on foot and vehicles. Utilization of the ceaseless windows causes to notice the free faã §ade and furthermore contains a rooftop garden on top which replaces the green region utilized by the structure. The Villa Stein (1926-1928) in Garches The Villa Stein is a great case of the cutting edge development, for example, the extreme treatment of inside space gave by an ordinary network of pilotis alongside its free arrangement, moreover with its utilization of present day building strategies and utilization of mechanical materials. The site for the estate was of a long and tight stretch of land, permitting the opportunity for an unattached structure volume with space for a nursery front and back. This empowers the opportunity to sort out a building venture beginning from the passageway through to the nursery, consequently addresses old subjects of estate configuration to do with the progress from urban to country experience. From the start sight the estate has all the earmarks of being a formal rectangular square comprising of even segments of white divider and slim portions of coating, In contrast with Maison Cook its somewhat striking. Also to Villa Savoye it praises the appearance via vehicle in a practically stately manner. The most minimal level incorporates an assortment of openings including a carport, little access to the servan

The last chapter of the novel ‘The Crucible’ Free Essays

‘Here. Presently. It’s all clear,’ murmured Abigail coarsely, holding back a hack. We will compose a custom exposition test on The last part of the novel ‘The Crucible’ or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now Benevolence just barely got through the little hole in the fence to join Abigail the opposite side. Together, getting a handle on each other’s hands for comfort, they shot through the trees, into the backwoods that filled in as an obstruction between the ocean and Salem. They ran along a swoon way of stomped on grass, till they showed up at a clearing, a similar clearing where they and the others had moved a half year back. They halted at the edge, gasping for breath, with the evening glow gushing in through the hole in the trees lighting up the route ahead. They looked around peacefully, till Mercy sniggered. ‘I was simply rememb’rin’ the time we moved, and Parris,’ she delayed, grinning in entertainment, ‘and Parris, he saw me dancin’ naked!’ ‘Aye, and dear Betty,’ said Abby, ‘she were excessively youthful, we ought to never have let her come.’ ‘That were wierdish, however. She lay on her bed, solidified, whimp’ring for her Mama. Yes, that were wierdish.’ ‘Mary intended to tell-I know it. I recollect her words even now, ‘Witchery’s a hangin’ error’, ‘it’s a wrongdoing to conjure’,’ Abby imitated, with a resemblance that made Mercy shudder with recognition as everything returned to her head. ‘Did you hear what happened to Tituba? She left the court with Sarah Good, shoutin’ to a dairy animals ‘Take me home, Devil; Devil take me home.’ She disclosed to them such the Devil, ‘him be joy man in Barbados!† Kindness snickered, as Abby went through the trees yelling charms in Tituba’s Barbados highlight. ‘You beseech me summon, come, make enchant with me!’ Abby screamed, fiercely influencing over a nonexistent fire, as Tituba had done, getting out the names of the fixings as she culled them from the air. She enticed to Mercy in a low murmur, ‘Come attempt Tituba’s fascinate, come drink to slaughter Goody Proctor.’ ‘Abby, you’ll make me dream defilements soon, and yourself,’ said Mercy, with a genuine tone to her voice. ‘You make me figure I saw spirits, that I saw that yellow winged animal, on the shaft, behind the beam in the court room.’ ‘Come on Mercy, you’re harder than that,’ prodded Abby, ‘if I hadn’t seen your face, I would have thought you were Mary Warren.’ Benevolence energetically punched Abby in the arm. Abby lay there shuddering as the cool night breeze went through the woods, whistling through the trees. The occasions of the most recent a half year went through her mind, it was just the spring when they had moved. The bluebells had gone now, however the recollections hadn’t. The preliminary had negatively affected Abby, her face was pale and the packs under her eyes developed every day. The days that went on perpetually in the court, eagerly addressed, till they found the solution they needed, truth or not. She despite everything had the blame inclination in her, that Proctor’s passing was not intended to occur, and that she could have halted it. In any case, she constrained this to the rear of her psyche, yet it frequented her when her brain was still, every night, and gradually, it was wearing her out. She investigated at Mercy, whose huge figure was loosened up on the grass next to her, her mouth all the way open, boisterously breathing in the virus air. Leniency w as an intense young lady, she must be to work at the Putnams’, yet had a still, small voice however Abby realized that it could without much of a stretch be persuaded by some influential talking. She gradually floated into rest yet was effectively awoken by the main light of day break. She jumped up, realizing they must be out of the locale quick, or, more than likely they would be gotten, made to return and rebuffed. In practically no time, Mercy and Abby were going through the trees till they were out in the open fields in any event three miles from Salem. ‘We’ll need to stop for some food at a ranch, else we’ll never make it to Andover,’ Mercy said. ‘When the sun ascends over those hills,’ said Abby highlighting the East where the red, early morning light was engaged. ‘Then we’ll discover the closest ranch, and get somethin’ till last us till tonight.’ They strolled for 60 minutes, scarcely talking. Their shoes beat on the soil track street, with a desperation that encouraged them to walk quicker. They arrived at a going to a homestead, and turned down. ‘I’m goin’ to converse with the farmer,’ said Abby, taking control. ‘Stay a couple of meters back, yet at the same time in view.’ Abby strided on up to the entryway and beat her clench hand on it, before Mercy could contend. ‘Good Sir, we have been travellin’ for longer than seven days at this point, and our bodies are powerless. We needed to leave our little town as Mercy, this young lady here, she was seen as blameworthy of traffickin’ with spirits.’ Abby’s voice intentionally began to pop, as though endeavoring to hold in her tears however not effectively. ‘She was so feeble; I believed I couldn’t leave her to show away to herself, in the event that she didn’t, she would have needed to confront the rope, and I care for her, I do.’ ‘Aye,’ the rancher stated, gesturing. ‘And so you surrendered for this heathen here.’ ‘Aye, ’tis right great Sir. My name will be grimy in these parts, yet Mercy could never have made it to Boston without anyone else. I felt it my obligation as a friend.’ A tear dropped from Abby’s eye, and she made no endeavor to wipe it away. ‘I’m sure my significant other will have a few extras for you,’ said the rancher, grinning mercifully down at her. ‘But she won’t like you imparting it to your companion, she will never help the demon in any capacity. Goody Jones, do you have any left of yesterday’s pie?’ ‘Aye, obviously, I’ll carry it to you right away,’ called a voice from inside the little old structure. Inside minutes, a little full woman had showed up, with a benevolent grin, and inviting eyes, similar to her husband’s. ‘Oh, to what extent have you been voyaging, child?’ she asked, taking a gander at Abby, ‘you’ll need to get a portion of this down you soon. Here let me envelop it with a cloth.’ She vanished once more, for a second, ferreted around in certain drawers, and showed up with a designed fabric to wrap up the pie. ‘Here you go. What's more, safe journey.’ ‘Safe journey,’ called both of them, as Abby turned round and began to stroll towards Mercy. She halted at seeing Mercy’s face. It was tense with outrage, and as red as the new berries on the bramble close by. ‘Abigail Williams, how could you? You lied, you lied, I never-‘ she severed out of resentment. Her eyes could have shot like bolts. Her body was solid and begun to shake. ‘We needed to get food, I had to,’ Abby answered resistant. ‘You lied,’ rehashed Mercy, letting the words out as though they were toxic. ‘You needed to leave as well, Abigail Williams, we left as you were unable to stroll through the town without hearing your grimy name referenced, and individuals running from your face. It were not my shortcoming we needed to leave, Abby, ’twas yours too. Disclose to them that, Abby, reveal to them that you caused the demise of John Proctor, and imprint it Abby, mark it, Elizabeth makes certain to hang once her child is born.’ Mercy was nearly yelling at this point. Abby kicked a stone in the street. ‘Look we needed to get food,’ she clarified, knowing she shouldn’t have, however never arranged to concede. ‘I’m goin’ to Andover, and afterward to Boston. I don’t care about you, I spared you Mercy from the appointed authorities, I spared you, and this is how you reimburse me? Well Mercy Lewis, you pass without anyone else and I’ll pass without anyone else and we’ll see who arrives in the end.’ ‘Fine, I can oversee myself, I’m eighteen now, more established than you, and you never helped, just caused issues. ’twas your deficiency we moved, you asked Tituba to summon, as a result of you, Abigail Williams, the entire country’s talkin’ witchcraft.’ At this, Abby walked out on Mercy and walked down the earth track, her eyes concentrated on the horizon ahead, not going to glance back, at Mercy’s dismayed face. She grinned a tight, constrained grin, yet she was upbeat, Mercy was stunned. Mercy’s face was solidified with sickening apprehension, the words had recently come out of her mouth, she knew, in spite of the fact that she was more established than Abby, she couldn’t take care of herself, and Abby could. It was Abby’s creative mind that had lied them through, it was Abby’s assurance that would get her to Boston, it was Abby who could care for herself, not Mercy. She would never yield to Abby, so she turned dejectedly withdraw the long straight street and began to walk the long path back to Salem. She stalled on the ground, wishing she hadn’t said anything. She was enticed to pursue her, however it was excessively far, and that was actually what Abby needed. Abby, in the interim, was far out there. She plunked down on a rock by the roadside to rest her throbbing feet. She shut her eyes and thought of Boston. She envisioned the horizon see, the manner in which it had consistently been depicted. A major town, occupied with individuals, nobody would know her name, or what she had done. She was going to begin another life. She could smell all the market fish, and could hear the buzz of clamor from the occupants. The spot was bursting at the seams with shading, she had left Salem, and its old wooden structures, her mud secured garments, blurred in time. Her life appeared flooded of earthy colored and dark, however now as she suspected ahead, she longed for the energizing new beginning, going to start. The most effective method to

Scribd

Scribd INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hi, today we are in San Francisco in the Scribd office. Trip, who are you and what do you do?Trip: My name is Trip Adler and I am the co-founder and CEO of Scribd.Martin: What did you do before you started this company?Trip: Well, I started right after college, so I guess going back to very beginning I was raised here in the Bay Area, in Palo Alto, and then I went to school on the east coast, to Harvard. I studied biophysics and then I right around my senior year I decided I want to start a company. So, started, kind of come up with my ideas, found a co-founder, went to YCombinator, and then it just went from there.Martin: Why didnt you start some company related to biophysics?Trip: Its a good question. That was actually my original plan, and I realized that I just didnt, I would need a lot more time and school to get a biophysics company started, and meanwhile had a lot of ideas for internet companies, I knew Id get started really quickly. So that was, I was too excited to start internet company that I couldnt wait that long. So, I just decided to get started. Maybe in longer term I could go back to a biophysics company, but I think right now Im enjoying working in the internet space.Martin: And how did you decide which of those hundreds of ideas you wanted to pursue?Trip: We went through a period of time for maybe a year, year and a half, where we were just tried a bunch of different ideas. That was, I think for us a really important learning experience, because we would come up with an idea, maybe build it, test it, think about it. And that experience of trial and error really taught us a lot about just how to approach starting a company and how to approach different ideas. So, we went through several ideas, one of them was basically a lot like what Uber and Lyft are today, it was like a ride sharing service, coordinated over your phones. Turns out we was just way ahead of the time it was nearly make sense to pursue it. We also did a coll ege classified site, we launched that at Harvard, we got it going, but we realized that wasnt really scalable so we moved on past that. Then we tried a bunch of other ideas, and then eventually Scribd came along. And that one just got a lot of things going right for it, so that was, ended up being the one that we stuck with.Martin: So you tested different business models and you stick with one with the most traction?Trip: It was a combination of what got early traction, what we thought was going to scale, what was a big opportunity, what would have a good business model, good user need, its a lot of those things combined. But traction is definitely an important one, if you cant get some traction early on, thats a sign that something is not working.BUSINESS MODELMartin: Lets talk about the business model, Trip. So, hows the current business model of Scribd working and how it might have been evolved over time?Trip: Currently, were mostly a subscription service. So, what we do is we le t you read unlimited books and other kinds of written content for $8.99 per month. So you pay one flat monthly fee and then you can read any kind of content on whatever device you like, and we have the really nice experience for discovering things to read and having the social experience around reading. So, its kind of the Netflix or Spotify model, but for books. And our model is that we, consumers pay us for $8.99 and we make revenue that way and then we pay out publishers and authors based on the reading activity. So that way we have really entire ecosystem where the publishers and authors get paid and consumers can have really direct, terrific reading experience.Martin: When youre looking at publisher side, are you also working with bigger brand names or publishing houses, or is it more for the individuals only?Trip: Yeah, were working with We have over the thousand publishers using the platform and we work with some of the biggest publishers in the world, so we have both HarperC ollins and Simon Schuster, selling their full backlist of books through our subscription, and we have some of the other big publishers selling books through the retail model at our site. But, were mostly focused on the subscription.Martin: Can you tell us a bit what kind of verticals in terms of the publishing books are working well and which are not working well, meaning that most people are not reading the specific kind of subsegment or vertical?Trip: Publishing is very broad, theres many different types of books that appeal to many different types of people. So we have many verticals that are working really well, we have a partnership with Lonely Planet to do travel books, and people read travel books, thats doing well, we have the Dummies series, so you can look for information within books, learn things in those books, we have all sorts of non-fiction, we have fiction, mysteries, thrillers, romance. Probably the verticals that are doing the best so far are the fiction and the romance, just because those readers are very various and they fit the subscription model really well, but were really growing across all the different verticals, and I think longer term we could have a lot of new, interesting use cases developed.Martin: And is the ground business model only digital, meaning that you dont deliver physical kind of publishing goods?Trip: Yeah, its all digital. Were completely digital company and we work with publishers and authors that publish their digital files and then we help provide an audience digitally and distribute the content digitally.Martin: Most users maybe know Scribd from the early days, so having some kind of platform where we can share PowerPoint presentations with each other. Can you tell us a little bit more about the beginnings of your startup? How did you grow and scale your company and user base?Trip: The way we got started was, I was having a conversation with my dad, whos a doctor at Stanford, and he had a medical paper that he wanted to get published, and he was talking about how in medical publishing it takes 18 months to get your paper published. So that gave us the idea that we can make a website that would let him really easily publish his paper on the web. And we could quickly broaden that to all kinds of written content so, medical papers, books, power point presentations, school papers, creative writing, any kind of written content, and any kind of content in document format, upload it to the web and then find an audience for it. So, we built that site, got a bit of a community going, just kind of through group force and just finding anyone we could find who would use it to upload their own content, and launch the site. And we had a very lucky launch where within three days we were one of the top 2000 websites on the internet. It was just very explosive launch. You see a lot of these companies doing it nowadays, because theyll get promotion in the App Store, or theyll get viral and put it on Facebo ok or something like that, but we were kind of one of the first companies that Ive seen really explode very quickly like that. And once we had that launched, we had a lot of readers come and then a small fraction of those readers would then upload their own content and that would bring more readers, and then some of those would upload and that created nice viral loop. So, that viral loop continued to grow, its still growing today, weve now reached about 95 million monthly users, we have about 60 million pieces of content in our library, and it continues to keep growing. And then over time what weve realized is that the main things our authors and publishers wanted was more revenue. And we tried then to sell books, but it didn’t really work very well, but weve realized subscription was a very good way to help them make money, because that way we can make more money for them and we can get, give readers a really terrific experience that subscription offers. So that was what leads to us launching the subscription model, on top of the free service we previously had. So, now its a bit of a freemium model.Martin: What do you think, what are the reasons for you fast explosion in terms of when you launched this kind of product? Because Im pretty sure a lot of sellers think by themselves, I want to start the next marketplace, or a social network, whatever. What measures have you taken to grow that fast?Trip: I think there was a real user need for what were doing. I mean, there wasnt an easy way to put something, put a PDF online, and we filled that need and just given the viral nature the internet works, spreads really quickly nowadays. People, back then, we were on like the front page of sites like Digg and Reddit. Nowadays its more like word of mouth, I mean, Reddit is still kind of big, Reddits actually really big now, but its a little harder to launch a site on Reddit than it was, but now you can, theres Hacker News, there are people sharing things on Twitter or on Facebook, so just taking advantage of all those viral channels to basically get the word out there.CORPORATE STRATEGYMartin: Trip, lets talk about the corporate strategy. What do you think is the competitive advantage of Scribd nowadays?Trip: I think were really focused on two things. The first one is just having the worlds largest library of subscription content. So, for, we want to have a service that for one flat monthly price of 8.99 lets you read almost any kind of content you want to read. So, were, we have over 500.000 books right now, over 60 million user-generated documents, and were adding more all the time. So, we want to have the biggest, broadest and deepest library on the web and in the world, available via subscription. So, the first one is the size of the library, and the second one is just the user experience were building. Were building such a terrific experience for reading and reimagining the way reading should work and serving the needs of readers in ways tha t other competitors are not doing as well as we are. Were building a terrific experience for discovering new books and things to read. The subscription model really decreases the friction of starting a new book, but we are working by now with a really good recommendation engine, with really good editorial process that helps you discover books you want to read and also a really nice social layer around reading. So you can discover things to read trough your friends. So, were combining all of this together just to provide a really good experience for discovering things to read and it really just pleasant user experience overall. So, its really those two things, having the world’s largest library subscription content and a really good user experience for reading it, that differentiate the company.Martin: Trip, can you tell us a little bit more about the product strategy and what you think are some areas of development for your business?Trip: Under product specifically theres just a l ot we can do around book discovery. So, Im sure youve seen there are companies like Netflix that has really organized videos really well, where they actually tag all the videos by hand, so they can recommend very specific kinds of videos, or Pandora has a music genome project, where you can organize songs by the type of song they are, and were basically in the same thing for books. Were taking every single book and by hand generating tags for that book so we can really organize the books really well and make it really easy to discover books you want, based on your particular interests. So, theres a lot that were doing on that front, to make books much more discoverable, were also doing a lot on the social side of things, so we think social reading is, can be a really big thing. Weve already seen that happen with sites like Goodreads, but what we can do is we can actually combine the social experience with the actual reading experience of the content. And since were subscription, eve ryones reading the same books and the same products, you can make that experience really good. So, when youre reading something you can highlight it, comment on it and then your friends can see that activity. So, theres a lot we do to build a really differentiated social experience through our reading.Martin: Are you also analyzing, like for example, the reader behavior, so what types of books are they reading, or documents in general, and until what time they are reading as well what paragraph, and based on this giving some kind of recommendations what your peer group is reading?Trip: We collect a lot of data on how people are reading, we can see what parts of the book people are reading, which parts theyre reading faster and slower, we have to collect all of those because we use this data to pay to the publishers, based on the reading activity. So, we collect a lot of data on reading and we use that to make recommendations, to pay the publishers and to continue to improve the prod uct.Martin: Imagine Im an author and I want to publish my book, my PDF, whatever, via Scribd. Is there some kind of mechanism like with SEO, so how I can optimize and reach more people via your platform? I mean there is some kind of playing with algorithms, I guess.Trip: First of all, youd had to get your book published on platform. So, currently, youd have to work with one of the publishers we work with. Theres over 1000 of those, the probably the least friction ones with the self publishing platforms, like Smashwords, you can go there and get your book published to our platform very quickly. Eventually, we plan to open subscription to authors directly, but right now were working with publishers specifically. So, first you get the books up there and then, we do a really good job with the distribution at that point. Were very good at finding an audience for your books, by making it really searchable, making it SEOable, making it the paid sharable. But the more authors can promote th e books on their own, the better that will help with the promotion overall. So, if the books, if they can promote them on social networks like Facebook and Twitter, if they can embed the book on their blog, if they can just generally share the link, that just gets the content out there, it gets more links to it, increases the amount of traffic Google sends it, so the more authors can promote their books, the more that will increase the readership overall.Martin: What do you think of the idea of having this books not only as a read-only, but as an audio book? Because its, the thing is how you want to consume those content. Have you thought about having something like this, because I mean adding this as a plugin at the books that is also quite easy with the player?Trip: Its a really good idea, audio books are definitely in the rise, people are listening to them more and more, and there are, its a huge market, most people dont even realize what a big market it is. So, its definitely so mething were thinking about. And I think that by combining audio books with the book experience in subscription is just a really, it could be a really terrific experience for both reading and consuming audio books in the same product.MARKET DEVELOPMENTMartin: Trip, lets talk about the market development, in terms of publishing. There are several distributional platforms out there like Amazon, or Scribd, and there are also different kind of products. What is your take on the overall market development in those publishing industry?Trip: I think that theres, its a really interesting time, the shift to digital is so happening very quickly, because a lot of people are still reading on print and they are going to be switching to digital. So, the digital publishing market is growing very quickly and I think it will continue to grow. And I think that this entire shift from the ownership model to the access model that were pursuing is really exciting change, because previously the way it wor ked was, even in digital, it was still basically an ownership model, where you pay the publisher or the distributer and they give you a file in return for that. Were now, were shifting it at the access model where you pay for access to the library and then the publisher or the author gets paid when the books are actually read. So that creates huge changes in just the overall ecosystem. So, weve already seen very different data and how we borrow our reading through subscription. So, one thing weve seen is that with the subscription model people are reading a lot more than they were before, unless people are discovering differently, theyre rather than just searching for the book they want and read that, theyre browsing books and reading books they wouldnt have read otherwise. And the result of these changes is that the ecosystem were building is much more long tail. We drive much more distribution to books that were published 10 years ago than to books published really recently. So, i ts a much more long tail distribution than its typically seen in publishing. So, overall just bringing subscription to the industry is just a, it caused a lot of changes both for reading experience and for authors and I think youll see just a lot more general reading and a lot more authors and writers and books being published as a result of this.Martin: If you compare this what you call owned book market and then the kind of subscription based book market, do you think that by entering the subscription based book market that you grow the overall publishing market? Because, on the one end side, its definitely the quantity of reading books will increase, but the question should really like, whether the multiplication of quantity times €/$ per book will increase overall. What do you think?Trip: I definitely think so, because the way to get the market to grow is to get consumers to ultimately consume more, you want them to consume more and pay more and that expands the market. So, in the way we get consumers to read more is to by giving them better products. Its kind of amazing to me that the subscription model is coming to books last, it came to video and music before it came to books, so I think that this kind of model coming to books is just, as it gets larger, I think people will read more and it will just grow the market overall.Martin: Did you think of going after the education market? Because I can imagine having this kind of content and imagine some kind of pupils sitting in the lecture room and currently have all the physical books, which cost a lot of money, to just having on an iPad all the kind of digital books provided by Scribd, for example?Trip: You sort of where we are, we have a lot of students sharing their school papers, a lot of teachers putting up their course notes out there, and I mean there are a lot of users who are already students. And there are students that are reading the books they need to for class, if youre taking an English cla ss, youre going to have most of the books that youre going to need to read for class, so turns out we already are in that market. In terms of going into the professional textbook market, its definitely a market that were looking at, I think theres definitely a big opportunity there.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURS In San Francisco, we meet co-founder and CEO of Scribd, Trip Adler. He shares his story how Scribd was founded and how the current business model works, as well as what the current plans for near future, and some advice for young entrepreneurs.The transcript of the interview is included below.INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hi, today we are in San Francisco in the Scribd office. Trip, who are you and what do you do?Trip: My name is Trip Adler and I am the co-founder and CEO of Scribd.Martin: What did you do before you started this company?Trip: Well, I started right after college, so I guess going back to very beginning I was raised here in the Bay Area, in Palo Alto, and then I went to school on the east coast, to Harvard. I studied biophysics and then I right around my senior year I decided I want to start a company. So, started, kind of come up with my ideas, found a co-founder, went to YCombinator, and then it just went from there.Martin: Why didnt you start some company related to biophysic s?Trip: Its a good question. That was actually my original plan, and I realized that I just didnt, I would need a lot more time and school to get a biophysics company started, and meanwhile had a lot of ideas for internet companies, I knew Id get started really quickly. So that was, I was too excited to start internet company that I couldnt wait that long. So, I just decided to get started. Maybe in longer term I could go back to a biophysics company, but I think right now Im enjoying working in the internet space.Martin: And how did you decide which of those hundreds of ideas you wanted to pursue?Trip: We went through a period of time for maybe a year, year and a half, where we were just tried a bunch of different ideas. That was, I think for us a really important learning experience, because we would come up with an idea, maybe build it, test it, think about it. And that experience of trial and error really taught us a lot about just how to approach starting a company and how to a pproach different ideas. So, we went through several ideas, one of them was basically a lot like what Uber and Lyft are today, it was like a ride sharing service, coordinated over your phones. Turns out we was just way ahead of the time it was nearly make sense to pursue it. We also did a college classified site, we launched that at Harvard, we got it going, but we realized that wasnt really scalable so we moved on past that. Then we tried a bunch of other ideas, and then eventually Scribd came along. And that one just got a lot of things going right for it, so that was, ended up being the one that we stuck with.Martin: So you tested different business models and you stick with one with the most traction?Trip: It was a combination of what got early traction, what we thought was going to scale, what was a big opportunity, what would have a good business model, good user need, its a lot of those things combined. But traction is definitely an important one, if you cant get some tractio n early on, thats a sign that something is not working.BUSINESS MODELMartin: Lets talk about the business model, Trip. So, hows the current business model of Scribd working and how it might have been evolved over time?Trip: Currently, were mostly a subscription service. So, what we do is we let you read unlimited books and other kinds of written content for $8.99 per month. So you pay one flat monthly fee and then you can read any kind of content on whatever device you like, and we have the really nice experience for discovering things to read and having the social experience around reading. So, its kind of the Netflix or Spotify model, but for books. And our model is that we, consumers pay us for $8.99 and we make revenue that way and then we pay out publishers and authors based on the reading activity. So that way we have really entire ecosystem where the publishers and authors get paid and consumers can have really direct, terrific reading experience.Martin: When youre looking at publisher side, are you also working with bigger brand names or publishing houses, or is it more for the individuals only?Trip: Yeah, were working with We have over the thousand publishers using the platform and we work with some of the biggest publishers in the world, so we have both HarperCollins and Simon Schuster, selling their full backlist of books through our subscription, and we have some of the other big publishers selling books through the retail model at our site. But, were mostly focused on the subscription.Martin: Can you tell us a bit what kind of verticals in terms of the publishing books are working well and which are not working well, meaning that most people are not reading the specific kind of subsegment or vertical?Trip: Publishing is very broad, theres many different types of books that appeal to many different types of people. So we have many verticals that are working really well, we have a partnership with Lonely Planet to do travel books, and people read t ravel books, thats doing well, we have the Dummies series, so you can look for information within books, learn things in those books, we have all sorts of non-fiction, we have fiction, mysteries, thrillers, romance. Probably the verticals that are doing the best so far are the fiction and the romance, just because those readers are very various and they fit the subscription model really well, but were really growing across all the different verticals, and I think longer term we could have a lot of new, interesting use cases developed.Martin: And is the ground business model only digital, meaning that you dont deliver physical kind of publishing goods?Trip: Yeah, its all digital. Were completely digital company and we work with publishers and authors that publish their digital files and then we help provide an audience digitally and distribute the content digitally.Martin: Most users maybe know Scribd from the early days, so having some kind of platform where we can share PowerPoint presentations with each other. Can you tell us a little bit more about the beginnings of your startup? How did you grow and scale your company and user base?Trip: The way we got started was, I was having a conversation with my dad, whos a doctor at Stanford, and he had a medical paper that he wanted to get published, and he was talking about how in medical publishing it takes 18 months to get your paper published. So that gave us the idea that we can make a website that would let him really easily publish his paper on the web. And we could quickly broaden that to all kinds of written content so, medical papers, books, power point presentations, school papers, creative writing, any kind of written content, and any kind of content in document format, upload it to the web and then find an audience for it. So, we built that site, got a bit of a community going, just kind of through group force and just finding anyone we could find who would use it to upload their own content, and launch the site. And we had a very lucky launch where within three days we were one of the top 2000 websites on the internet. It was just very explosive launch. You see a lot of these companies doing it nowadays, because theyll get promotion in the App Store, or theyll get viral and put it on Facebook or something like that, but we were kind of one of the first companies that Ive seen really explode very quickly like that. And once we had that launched, we had a lot of readers come and then a small fraction of those readers would then upload their own content and that would bring more readers, and then some of those would upload and that created nice viral loop. So, that viral loop continued to grow, its still growing today, weve now reached about 95 million monthly users, we have about 60 million pieces of content in our library, and it continues to keep growing. And then over time what weve realized is that the main things our authors and publishers wanted was more revenue. And we tried then to sell books, but it didn’t really work very well, but weve realized subscription was a very good way to help them make money, because that way we can make more money for them and we can get, give readers a really terrific experience that subscription offers. So that was what leads to us launching the subscription model, on top of the free service we previously had. So, now its a bit of a freemium model.Martin: What do you think, what are the reasons for you fast explosion in terms of when you launched this kind of product? Because Im pretty sure a lot of sellers think by themselves, I want to start the next marketplace, or a social network, whatever. What measures have you taken to grow that fast?Trip: I think there was a real user need for what were doing. I mean, there wasnt an easy way to put something, put a PDF online, and we filled that need and just given the viral nature the internet works, spreads really quickly nowadays. People, back then, we were on like the fro nt page of sites like Digg and Reddit. Nowadays its more like word of mouth, I mean, Reddit is still kind of big, Reddits actually really big now, but its a little harder to launch a site on Reddit than it was, but now you can, theres Hacker News, there are people sharing things on Twitter or on Facebook, so just taking advantage of all those viral channels to basically get the word out there.CORPORATE STRATEGYMartin: Trip, lets talk about the corporate strategy. What do you think is the competitive advantage of Scribd nowadays?Trip: I think were really focused on two things. The first one is just having the worlds largest library of subscription content. So, for, we want to have a service that for one flat monthly price of 8.99 lets you read almost any kind of content you want to read. So, were, we have over 500.000 books right now, over 60 million user-generated documents, and were adding more all the time. So, we want to have the biggest, broadest and deepest library on the web a nd in the world, available via subscription. So, the first one is the size of the library, and the second one is just the user experience were building. Were building such a terrific experience for reading and reimagining the way reading should work and serving the needs of readers in ways that other competitors are not doing as well as we are. Were building a terrific experience for discovering new books and things to read. The subscription model really decreases the friction of starting a new book, but we are working by now with a really good recommendation engine, with really good editorial process that helps you discover books you want to read and also a really nice social layer around reading. So you can discover things to read trough your friends. So, were combining all of this together just to provide a really good experience for discovering things to read and it really just pleasant user experience overall. So, its really those two things, having the world’s largest librar y subscription content and a really good user experience for reading it, that differentiate the company.Martin: Trip, can you tell us a little bit more about the product strategy and what you think are some areas of development for your business?Trip: Under product specifically theres just a lot we can do around book discovery. So, Im sure youve seen there are companies like Netflix that has really organized videos really well, where they actually tag all the videos by hand, so they can recommend very specific kinds of videos, or Pandora has a music genome project, where you can organize songs by the type of song they are, and were basically in the same thing for books. Were taking every single book and by hand generating tags for that book so we can really organize the books really well and make it really easy to discover books you want, based on your particular interests. So, theres a lot that were doing on that front, to make books much more discoverable, were also doing a lot on the social side of things, so we think social reading is, can be a really big thing. Weve already seen that happen with sites like Goodreads, but what we can do is we can actually combine the social experience with the actual reading experience of the content. And since were subscription, everyones reading the same books and the same products, you can make that experience really good. So, when youre reading something you can highlight it, comment on it and then your friends can see that activity. So, theres a lot we do to build a really differentiated social experience through our reading.Martin: Are you also analyzing, like for example, the reader behavior, so what types of books are they reading, or documents in general, and until what time they are reading as well what paragraph, and based on this giving some kind of recommendations what your peer group is reading?Trip: We collect a lot of data on how people are reading, we can see what parts of the book people are reading, whic h parts theyre reading faster and slower, we have to collect all of those because we use this data to pay to the publishers, based on the reading activity. So, we collect a lot of data on reading and we use that to make recommendations, to pay the publishers and to continue to improve the product.Martin: Imagine Im an author and I want to publish my book, my PDF, whatever, via Scribd. Is there some kind of mechanism like with SEO, so how I can optimize and reach more people via your platform? I mean there is some kind of playing with algorithms, I guess.Trip: First of all, youd had to get your book published on platform. So, currently, youd have to work with one of the publishers we work with. Theres over 1000 of those, the probably the least friction ones with the self publishing platforms, like Smashwords, you can go there and get your book published to our platform very quickly. Eventually, we plan to open subscription to authors directly, but right now were working with publishe rs specifically. So, first you get the books up there and then, we do a really good job with the distribution at that point. Were very good at finding an audience for your books, by making it really searchable, making it SEOable, making it the paid sharable. But the more authors can promote the books on their own, the better that will help with the promotion overall. So, if the books, if they can promote them on social networks like Facebook and Twitter, if they can embed the book on their blog, if they can just generally share the link, that just gets the content out there, it gets more links to it, increases the amount of traffic Google sends it, so the more authors can promote their books, the more that will increase the readership overall.Martin: What do you think of the idea of having this books not only as a read-only, but as an audio book? Because its, the thing is how you want to consume those content. Have you thought about having something like this, because I mean adding this as a plugin at the books that is also quite easy with the player?Trip: Its a really good idea, audio books are definitely in the rise, people are listening to them more and more, and there are, its a huge market, most people dont even realize what a big market it is. So, its definitely something were thinking about. And I think that by combining audio books with the book experience in subscription is just a really, it could be a really terrific experience for both reading and consuming audio books in the same product.MARKET DEVELOPMENTMartin: Trip, lets talk about the market development, in terms of publishing. There are several distributional platforms out there like Amazon, or Scribd, and there are also different kind of products. What is your take on the overall market development in those publishing industry?Trip: I think that theres, its a really interesting time, the shift to digital is so happening very quickly, because a lot of people are still reading on print and they are going to be switching to digital. So, the digital publishing market is growing very quickly and I think it will continue to grow. And I think that this entire shift from the ownership model to the access model that were pursuing is really exciting change, because previously the way it worked was, even in digital, it was still basically an ownership model, where you pay the publisher or the distributer and they give you a file in return for that. Were now, were shifting it at the access model where you pay for access to the library and then the publisher or the author gets paid when the books are actually read. So that creates huge changes in just the overall ecosystem. So, weve already seen very different data and how we borrow our reading through subscription. So, one thing weve seen is that with the subscription model people are reading a lot more than they were before, unless people are discovering differently, theyre rather than just searching for the book they want and rea d that, theyre browsing books and reading books they wouldnt have read otherwise. And the result of these changes is that the ecosystem were building is much more long tail. We drive much more distribution to books that were published 10 years ago than to books published really recently. So, its a much more long tail distribution than its typically seen in publishing. So, overall just bringing subscription to the industry is just a, it caused a lot of changes both for reading experience and for authors and I think youll see just a lot more general reading and a lot more authors and writers and books being published as a result of this.Martin: If you compare this what you call owned book market and then the kind of subscription based book market, do you think that by entering the subscription based book market that you grow the overall publishing market? Because, on the one end side, its definitely the quantity of reading books will increase, but the question should really like, whet her the multiplication of quantity times €/$ per book will increase overall. What do you think?Trip: I definitely think so, because the way to get the market to grow is to get consumers to ultimately consume more, you want them to consume more and pay more and that expands the market. So, in the way we get consumers to read more is to by giving them better products. Its kind of amazing to me that the subscription model is coming to books last, it came to video and music before it came to books, so I think that this kind of model coming to books is just, as it gets larger, I think people will read more and it will just grow the market overall.Martin: Did you think of going after the education market? Because I can imagine having this kind of content and imagine some kind of pupils sitting in the lecture room and currently have all the physical books, which cost a lot of money, to just having on an iPad all the kind of digital books provided by Scribd, for example?Trip: You sort of where we are, we have a lot of students sharing their school papers, a lot of teachers putting up their course notes out there, and I mean there are a lot of users who are already students. And there are students that are reading the books they need to for class, if youre taking an English class, youre going to have most of the books that youre going to need to read for class, so turns out we already are in that market. In terms of going into the professional textbook market, its definitely a market that were looking at, I think theres definitely a big opportunity there.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURSMartin: Trip, most of our readers are first time entrepreneurs and people who think about starting their own company. What advice could you give them, especially what would you have done differently if you had to start all over again?Trip: This is a big question! Its.., and I think I change my answer to this about every 3 months, because Im always learning and I think right when I feel like Ive figured everything there is out about entrepreneurship, I realize that I actually was completely wrong and that feeling that theres something else I have to learn, and that seems to keep happening and I imagine it will probably keep happening for your whole career. So, I guess that would be my first piece of advice, which is to just keep learning and to just, you just realize how much there is to know and just like how long it takes to get at building companies. I mean its not, building company is not, the media often makes it out to be this kind of thing where you start your app, and then Facebook buys it for a million dollars a year later. And that does happen occasionally, but thats really kind of the exception, anyone can build a really big company, its just that if you get lucky it takes time and learning. So, if you try the first time and you dont get it right, even if it takes you a year of trying something or a couple of years, eventually youll get there if you just keep tr ying, if youre just constantly learning and constantly trying, youll eventually figure out something that will, users will like and will scale and get the rest attention, and become a big business.Martin: And what when your little brother asks you Trip, what should I do and what shouldnt I do when I start a company? What would you answer him?Trip: The first thing would be just to get started. Thats actually probably the hardest step, which is just doing anything at all, because most people are just afraid to get started. So, you need just sort of like take that take that first step and sort of have some confidence at what youre doing. So you need to be very confident and aggressive when you do things, but at the same time just be humble and learn as you go along, because probably that first step that you take youll make a mistake and do something wrong, so you need to just learn from that, and then change course and get to the next step. So, it would just be basically get started an d be really determined and learn as you go along.Martin: What advice can you give young entrepreneurs when they think about financing their company?Trip: First of all, I think people often think of financing their company as the big challenge, but its, or the think that they do to be successful, but thats not really true. You often need a lot less money than you think you do. And you can make a lot of progress without much financing, and you should only raise money if you really have a use for the money, because Especially nowadays, theres so many companies in Silicon Valley that raise a lot of money and they just spend it all and then they didnt really do anything with that money. Thats a really wrong way to go down. So, my general advice, which is a little bit kind of what most people say, which is raise, delay raising money and raise less than you need, because that will kind of force you to really build a good company. If you do want to raise money, the best thing you could do i s just build a good business. If you have a really good business with real user need and real traction, a real business model, investors will come and its pretty easy. And if youre having problem tracking investors, it probably means you should just focus on building your business, not necessarily spend more time trying to attract the investors.Martin: What advice would you give on how to manage your time focusing on business and focusing on raising money? Because I mean some of the startups just focus six months on raising money, while neglecting the business and the other guys are only building the business, and not fueling the company with cash, for example.Trip: You definitely want to spend more time building the business. If you do want to raise money, it does take time, usually, you do need to get investors comfortable with giving your company money, you need to spend some time going through the whole process, but the best thing you want to do is to either, if you do fundraise , to just go 100% into fundraising boat and then get it done quickly. So, you want to be building the business, then you decide to raise money, go raise money and as soon as youre done go back to building the business. You dont want to be spending six months on fundraising, especially early on, maybe if its an IPO or something, you could spend some more time on it, but on the early on it should really be a much shorter period of time than six months.Martin: Trip, thank you very much for your time.Trip: Well, thank you.Martin: And next time you are thinking about starting a company, you can read on our website the practical guidance and in addition some kind of presentations on Scribd. Thank you very much.

George Orwell s Animal Farm - 1255 Words

Throughout human history, tyranny and oppression have fueled the revolutionary reconstitution of society. The French revolutionary motto, â€Å"liberty, equality, fraternity† can be applied in part to every rebellion in history. With these principles at heart, it only seems logical that human society should become utopian. Despite the principles, the French revolution paved the way for the autocratic rule of Napoleon. History repeats itself; George Orwell’s Animal Farm follows the rise of Animalism which serves as an allegorical reflection of the 1917 Russian revolution that led into the Stalinist era. Many revolutions throughout history follow the same path as the newly installed government always become indistinguishable from those who ruled before them. The reasons exhibited in the novel are the distortion of revolutionary ideas, the abuse of language to manipulate the naà ¯ve working class and the corrupting influence of power. All revolutions start off with ideals beneficial to the proletarians, however as the misconduct within its leadership progresses it has caused these ideals to be distorted to the point where the new leadership becomes indistinguishable from the old. This is exemplified in the novel by the changes to the Seven Commandments of Animalism. Following the expulsion of humans, the commandments were created to prevent any species from following the same path as the humans, the scapegoats of the revolution. It wasn’t long after these events that the ideals ofShow MoreRelatedGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm958 Words   |  4 PagesImagine that you were an animal s or citizen living under Napoleon or Stalin rule and the fear that your life can be taken always from you at any time. In the novel of Animal Farm, George Orwell he wanted to show how a book is a sarcasm of the Russian Revolution during the communist years and the satire of that time between Trotsky and Stalin. 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Post Essay - 1077 Words

Happy Monday y’all! I hope you have all had a good week. Here in London we had a super exciting weekend with a huge amount of snow! London hasn’t had that kind of snow in years according to my husband so this was super exciting for me. It also reminded me of home! During this â€Å"snow storm†, we also ventured out to the Renegade Craft Fair happening all the way out at Brick Lane. It was so great to see some amazing crafters and makers out here doing what they love. We also then had the perfect excuse to hit up the Brick Lane Beigel Bake for the perfect brunch time Salt Beef beigel. (10/10 would recommend if you are ever in London) As promised, the December Freebie is being included with this post! You can find it at the bottom of the page.†¦show more content†¦She dreamed of escaping to New York to study art while she was still a high school student. After studying with the Art Students League of New York in the 1930s, Louise Nevelson had her first solo exhibit in 1941. She then when onto to exhibit around the world until her death in 1988. Work As I previously mentioned, Louise Nevelson’s work was heavily influenced by her father’s career in the lumber industry. While her male counterparts were using metals and readymade objects to gain notoriety in the art world, Nevelson built large scale sculptures and â€Å"walls† out of found object, mostly wood from the streets of New York that she would paint to be monochromatic. Nevelson called herself the original recycler owing to her extensive use of discarded objects. She found strong influence in Picasso and Hofmanns cubist ideals, describing the Cubist movement as one of the greatest awarenesses that the human mind has ever come to. Nevelson also found influence in Native American and Mayan art, dreams, the cosmos, and her own life. Legacy Louise Nevelson’s work was groundbreaking for female artists. At a time when only men created large scale works, her sculptures spoke volumes to the feminist movement. Her works initiated an era in which womens history became suitable subject matter for monumental artistic representation. She is credited with triggering the examination of femininity in art and challenging the visionShow MoreRelatedThe Huffington Post Essay example1348 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ The Huffington Post Abstract This paper discusses the growing success of The Huffington Post. The online publisher has become a prominent online news source over the years and this paper examines the success, while relating The Huffington Post’s strategy to common marketing analysis tools such as the Porter Five Force Analysis, as well as discussing four different revenue models for online publishers. Read MoreImpressionism; Post-Impressionism Essay674 Words   |  3 PagesThe reflection of light is typically the most highly indicative tenet of â€Å"pure† impressionism. 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Compare the Political Regime Type in China and the United States Free Essays

A country’s regimes are imposed to protect the country’s interest, but these protections will create unavoidable conflict-of-interest where businesses are conducted. Likewise, the super power China and the United States, the perpetual political changes create a direct implication to the day-to-day business activities and the type business investment plan to enter the country. Hence, conflict-of-interests are commonly tensions between the different in political ideologies, social issues, historical and culture background. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare the Political Regime Type in China and the United States or any similar topic only for you Order Now As these interests are the catalysts to the type of regimes that the country will impose; moreover, these regimes will favour the different types of industries. For that reason, the organisations need to conduct analysis on the political system carefully, so that they can better prepare and outperform their business objectives. Based on the four catalysts, this essay will examine and analysis the different regimes that Chinese government and United States government exercise which will have a lateral effect on the organisation’s business planning process; which focus on different perspective of the employment contract politics and human right regime as well as the transparency between the two government bodies. Political ideologies can be describe as the â€Å"field of conceptual meaning created by recurring patterns of conceptual terms and associated policies found in the discourse of politicians as they participate in formal political processes under real-time conditions. † {text:bibliography-mark} . Hence, the major types of ideologies will go through reformation and adjustment, where by old and unsuitable policy is replaced by the new policy. These changes or reformation can be observed from the different perspective between the Democracy and communist ideology. United States believe neo-liberalism which is part of the Democracy ideology. Currently, she is under the control by the two major political parties; the Republicans and the Democrats which they are constantly changeling the democracy ideology. Moreover, the present 44th presidency, Mr Obama is facing the changeling political reformation changes against the global financial crisis and job creation for his people. On the other hand, China functions base on the political ideology of Communism. The founder of Chinese Communist Party (CCP), Mao Tse-Tung unify the whole of China under one political party, and the late 1990’s, the party’s Premier Zhu Rongji open its economic. Peking government functions much like the United States, but the decision making is control by the central government, which include ministries who are responsible for key areas, such as economic planning and production. The central government decision making process follow a bureaucrat system {text:bibliography-mark} , The origin of employment contract politics and human right regime could be trace back to historical records. Such policies were found during the early Roman Empire, whereby civilian workers and contractor were protected by law {text:bibliography-mark} . Laws were regulated to protect the civilian workers and contractor against the market imperfection; for example the legally binding of the workers contract about the scoop of work and duties of work was agreed upon. As so, this is to prevent any discrepancy between them. The law ought to be passed down by the Roman magistrates, much like modern days law that are passed down by the United States department of labour; in which state The Contract Work Hours and Safety Standards Act (CWHSSA) that protect the interest of the employee {text:bibliography-mark} ; it will improve the general relationship between the organisation and the employee. Although it can be argued that having too much regulation will increase the return of investment {text:bibliography-mark} , but; according to Federal Arbitration Act (FAA), there are a relationships that drawn between the employment contract politics and human right regime {text:bibliography-mark} . Of course, considering that the modern regulation are extremely well accounted. Hence, employment in United State require a continue update of the new regime and employment contacts will have to come to common ground which are for the best interest of both side. Conversely, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) do have regime to protect the employee interest and human right, but till date the Peking government are constantly having criticism over the labour law and the human right issues {text:bibliography-mark} . Much of the regimes have had been passed down, but the regime are poorly regulated {text:bibliography-mark} . For these issues, organization found a perfect loophole to exercise the market imperfection; a topical example is to exercise the low wage labour cost factor and the extension of the working hours or the condition of the working environment. Moreover, it can draw consent to corporate social responsibility (CSR) for the types of working environment factor worker were subjected too {text:bibliography-mark} . These impose an image of ‘playing good in their country, but playing bad on the other’. However, since the Peking government had entered the WTO in 2001, the Peking government is providing a perpetual change of their regime and improvement of enforcing the regime {text:bibliography-mark} ; hence the playground for market imperfection will not last long. Erstwhile, some of the modern political ideologies could be traced back to the Roman Empire, whereby historical evidence provides the foundation of the different types of political ideologies. In additional to the argument, manufacturing industries are likely to venture into the different region of the developing cities of China to do their mass production process. In this grey area, the industries take advantages of the poorly regulated regime and the human right issues. But some company had forgotten about the imprecation to the prestige of their brand name; just like the case of Reebok {text:bibliography-mark} whereby unethical working conditions were practices. Untimely, the ethical investments will ounce between the cost factor; manufacturing product in Unite State which will incur the cost of production, or manufacturing product in China will losing the prestige of the brand. Where, the company failure to consider the imprecation in employment contract politics and human right issues will obliterate the brand equity, however most company had out-weighted the cost benefit, and had move their manufacturing into China. Transparency of the government, play a part in the business planning process, in term of investment and financing management {text:bibliography-mark} . For example, the Basel I was later replace by â€Å"Basel II capital accord framework† {text:bibliography-mark} had presented a challenge for the financial organisation operating in United States to please both the government bodies and the distribution of the shareholder wealth. This regime targets the financial institution to improve on their transparency and accountability as well as reducing the chances of another global financial crisis; which had swept through the whole business environment. In this issue, it can be argue that the financial institution had too much deregulation, in term allow less transparency or accountability to be reported. Consequently, this new policy will have an implication on the business model. On the other hand, during election times political incentives seem to be different; which float between deregulation near election and regulation after election {text:bibliography-mark} . However, China has new government policy; moving toward transparency of government, that allows China to open its trading door. Erstwhile, Peking government had major concerns in their early reformation, which were to resolve the food and agriculture shortage and follow by reformation of the country internal industrial department for its nation internal economy. This is done without the need of infecting with capitalism ideology, in fact, they were moving toward a self-sustainable nation, but due to the operate on a bureaucrat system, it take a longer than usual time for each regime to be pass through effectively and transparent throughout the entire nation. Although, the Peking government bring into disrepute of capitalism, the early communism system did issue â€Å"more than 4,000 statutes and regulations by the Peking regime up to 1958† {text:bibliography-mark} . At that time, these regimes were issues to regulate the national economy. Most likely, the culture aspect and the style of governing the county have courses them to be less transparent. To a degree of consideration, private ownership entities were executed, if there were more than seven workers {text:bibliography-mark} . However, the effectiveness and transparency of these regimes were yet to be measure or suggested that were carryout and regulated. Beside much of these regimes are mucky and often being questioned by international media. Till date, these processes are often close door discussion as regime will not be allowed to issues to the public until the central government pass the bill. It is agreeable that for foreign direct investment company, who require latest information about the regime, are moving out of the country because of poor understanding of the business political culture {text:bibliography-mark} . However, China rapid GDP growth had force the â€Å"government bargaining to a degree of mutual dependence or interdependence† {text:bibliography-mark} . Moreover, the Peking government are working on new regime that will balance between the government and business investment. In return, this type of reformation will allow more foreign investor, as regime become more attractive to the investment. A conclusive agreement and analysis show that international business will continue to move into China, despite that contract politics and human right regime have impact on the prestige of the brand. Perhaps, the reformation towards a transparent government intervention has favour business. Where comparing evidence suggests that, doing business in Unite State is having a higher cost factor, hence this issues have out-weighted businesses to shaft to other possible solution. Although the State transparency is excellent but can be dissimilar at time. Party, each regime that is implemented or adopted is directly affected by the four conditions. Moreover, these conflict-of-interests shell be address by the corporation before investing. 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Marijuana Essays (2426 words) - Euphoriants, Herbalism,

Marijuana Marijuana is a green, brown, or gray mixture of dried, shredded flowers and leaves of the hemp plant, Cannabis sativa. Marijuana is often called by street names such as pot, herb, weed, boom, Mary Jane, gangster, reefer, or chronic. There are more than 200 slang terms for marijuana. HISTORY: Cannabis was acknowledged as early as 2,700 BC in Chinese manuscripts. Marijuana has been used as a medicine throughout the world since the beginning of written history. During this time, companies such as Lilly, Parke Daivis, Tildens, Squibb, and other major drug manufacturers, have made everything from sleeping elixirs, to stomach medicine from marijuana. These drugs were even knowingly prescribed for children. Since 1839 there have been numerous reports in favor of utilizing medical marijuana. In 1839 Dr. W.B. O'Shaugnessy, a respected member of the Royal Academy of Science, was one of the first in the medical profession to present the true facts concerning marijuana and medicine. Dr. O'Shaugnessy's report states clearly, that experience indicates the use of marijuana to be a beneficial analgesic, and to have anticonvulsant, and muscle-relaxant properties. He found it to be effective in treating rheumatism (inflammation or pain in muscles or joints), epilepsy, and spasmodic conditions. In 1860, Dr. R.R. M'Meens, indicated to the Ohio State Medical Society, the usefulness of marijuana in treating tetanus, neuralgia (pain in the nerves), uterine hemorrhage, child labor, convulsions, asthma, bronchitis, and even postpartum psychosis. It was also noted for its affect as an appetite stimulant. This is desperately needed in modern medicine especially by cancer and aids patients to prevent them from literally wasting away. Many of these patients have indicated that no other remedy helps to stimulate the appetite as effectively as smoking a small quantity of marijuana. It was also noted that smoking the natural plant was significantly more effective than the chemically created, orally consumed, synthetic marijuana. In 1891 Dr. J.B. Mattison indicated the use of marijuana for treatment of migraines, gastric ulcers, deliriuma (mental disturbance), and tremors due to alcoholism. He also found it to be instrumental in actually replacing the craving for, and thus curing alcoholism. He found the same effect carried over in treating other serious addictions such as morphine or heroin addiction. In 1890 Dr. J.R. Reynolds found marijuana to be an excellent aid in combating a number of problems associated with aging. Dr. Reynolds noted marijuana's usefulness in overcoming senile insomnia as well as it's psychological benefits in helping older people cope with some of the feelings and emotions associated with growing older. INCREASE & DECREASE OF USAGE SINCE DRUG'S DISCOVERY: The use of marijuana reached a high point in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and has been declining ever since. In a 1978 survey, 37 percent of high school seniors said they had smoked marijuana in the last 30 days, and 11 percent said they used it daily. By 1986 the number who said they had smoked it in the last 30 days had fallen to 23 percent - lower than in 1975 - and the proportion of daily users had dropped steadily to 4 percent. The trend among people aged 18 to 25 is similar. On the other hand, more people over 25 may be using marijuana occasionally, and young people are still experimenting with it. In 1969, 20 percent of high school seniors had used marijuana at least once, in 1979, 60 percent had; and in 1985, 54 percent. The attitudes expressed in surveys show why habitual marijuana use is in decline. In 1978, 65 percent of high school students said they disapproved of it; in 1985, 85 percent disapproved. A recent government survey shows: ? Over 70 million Americans over the age of 12 have tried marijuana at least once. ? About 10 million had used the drug in the month before the survey. ? More than 5 million Americans smoke marijuana at least once a week. ? Among teens aged 12 to 17, the average age of first trying marijuana was 13.5 years old. A yearly survey of students in grades 8 through 12 shows that by 10th grade, nearly 16 percent are "current" users (that is, used within the past month). Among 12th-graders, nearly 40 percent have tried marijuana/hash at least once, and 19 percent were current users. Other researchers have found that use of marijuana and other drugs usually peaks in the late teens and early twenties, then goes down in later years. GENERIC VS. BRAND NAME: There are stronger forms of marijuana available today than there were in the 1960s. The strength